{"title":"Audubon, John James","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eJohn James Audubon (1785-1851), \u003c\/strong\u003eborn Jean-Jacques Rabin, was a French-American self-trained artist, naturalist, and ornithologist. His combined interests in art and ornithology turned into a plan to make a complete pictorial record of all the bird species of North America. He was notable for his extensive studies documenting all types of American birds and for his detailed illustrations, which depicted the birds in their natural habitats. His major work, a colour-plate book titled The Birds of America (1827–1839), is considered one of the finest ornithological works ever completed.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAudubon is also known for identifying 25 new species. He is the eponym of the National Audubon Society, and his name adorns a large number of towns, neighbourhoods and streets across the United States. Dozens of scientific names first published by Audubon are still in use by the scientific community. In recent years, his legacy has become controversial for his involvement in slavery and his racist writings, as well as allegations of dishonesty.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom his earliest days, the young Audubon had an affinity for birds. \"I felt an intimacy with them...bordering on frenzy [that] must accompany my steps through life.\" His father encouraged his interest in nature. He would point out the elegant movement of the birds, and the beauty and softness of their plumage. He called my attention to their show of pleasure or sense of danger, their perfect forms and splendid attire. He would speak of their departure and return with the seasons.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1803, his father obtained a false passport so that Jean-Jacques could go to the United States to avoid conscription in the Napoleonic Wars. 18-year-old Jean-Jacques boarded ship, anglicising his name to John James Audubon. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAudubon set about to study American birds, determined to illustrate his findings in a more realistic manner than most artists did then. He began drawing and painting birds and recording their behaviour. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1808, Audubon moved to Kentucky, which was rapidly being settled. Six months later, he married Lucy Bakewell at her family estate, Fatland Ford, Pennsylvania, and took her the next day to Kentucky. The two shared many common interests and began to explore the natural world around them. Though their finances were tenuous, the Audubons started a family. They had two sons, Victor Gifford (1809-1860) and John Woodhouse Audubon (1812-1862), and two daughters who died while still young. Both sons eventually helped publish their father's works. John W. Audubon became a naturalist, writer and painter in his own right.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring a visit to Philadelphia in 1812 following Congress' declaration of war against Great Britain, Audubon became an American citizen and had to give up his French citizenship. After his return to Kentucky, he found that rats had eaten his entire collection of more than 200 drawings. After weeks of depression, he took to the field again, determined to re-do his drawings to an even higher standard.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAudubon worked for a brief time as the first paid employee of the Western History Society, now known as The Museum of Natural History at The Cincinnati Museum Center. He then travelled south on the Mississippi with his gun, paintbox, and assistant Joseph Mason, who stayed with him from October 1820 to August 1822 and painted the plant life backgrounds of many of Audubon's bird studies. He was committed to find and paint all the birds of North America for eventual publication. His goal was to surpass the earlier ornithological work of poet-naturalist Alexander Wilson. Though he could not afford to buy Wilson's work, Audubon used it to guide him when he had access to a copy.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAudubon called his future work The Birds of America. He attempted to paint one page each day. Painting with newly discovered technique, he decided his earlier works were inferior and re-did them. He hired hunters to gather specimens for him. Audubon realised the ambitious project would take him away from his family for months at a time.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLucy became the steady breadwinner for the couple and their two young sons. Trained as a teacher, she conducted classes for children in their home. Later she was hired as a local teacher in Louisiana. She boarded with their children at the home of a wealthy plantation owner, as was often the custom of the time.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1824, Audubon returned to Philadelphia to seek a publisher for his bird drawings. He took oil painting lessons from Thomas Sully and met Charles Bonaparte, who admired his work and recommended he go to Europe to have his bird drawings engraved. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWith his wife's support, in 1826 at age 41, Audubon took his growing collection of work to England. He sailed from New Orleans to Liverpool, reaching England in the autumn of 1826 with his portfolio of over 300 drawings. With letters of introduction to prominent Englishmen, and paintings of imaginary species including the \"Bird of Washington\", Audubon gained their quick attention. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe British could not get enough of Audubon's images of backwoods America and its natural attractions. He raised enough money to begin publishing his The Birds of America. This monumental work consists of 435 hand-coloured, life-size prints of 497 bird species, made from engraved copper plates of various sizes depending on the size of the image. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe first and perhaps most famous plate was the wild turkey. Among the earliest plates printed was the \"Bird of Washington\", which generated favourable publicity for Audubon as his first discovery of a new species. However, no specimen of the species has ever been found, and research published in 2020 suggests that this plate was a mixture of plagiarism and ornithological fraud.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHe followed The Birds of America with a sequel Ornithological Biographies. This was a collection of life histories of each species written with Scottish ornithologist William MacGillivray. The two books were printed separately to avoid a British law requiring copies of all publications with text to be deposited in copyright libraries, a huge financial burden for the self-published Audubon. Both books were published between 1827 and 1839.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1841, having finished the Ornithological Biographies, Audubon returned to the United States with his family. Between 1840 and 1844, he published an octavo edition of The Birds of America, with 65 additional plates. Printed in standard format to be more affordable than the oversize British edition, it earned $36,000 and was purchased by 1100 subscribers. Audubon spent much time on \"subscription-gathering trips\", drumming up sales of the octavo edition, as he hoped to leave his family a sizeable income.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAudubon made some excursions out West where he hoped to record Western species he had missed, but his health began to fail. In 1848, he manifested signs of senility or possibly dementia from what is now called Alzheimer's disease, his \"noble mind in ruins\". He died at his family home in northern Manhattan on January 27, 1851. Audubon is buried in the graveyard at the Church of the Intercession in the Trinity Church Cemetery and Mausoleum at 155th Street and Broadway in Manhattan, near his home. An imposing monument in his honour was erected at the cemetery, which is now recognised as part of the Heritage Rose District of NYC.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAudubon's final work dealt with mammals; he prepared \u003cstrong\u003eThe Viviparous Quadrupeds of North America (1845-1849)\u003c\/strong\u003e in collaboration with his good friend Rev. John Bachman of Charleston, South Carolina, who supplied much of the scientific text. His son, John Woodhouse Audubon, drew most of the plates. The work was completed by Audubon's sons, and the second volume was published posthumously in 1851.\u003c\/p\u003e","products":[{"product_id":"quadrupeds-of-north-america-1851-the-john-j-audubon-1785-1851-150-images","title":"Quadrupeds of North America 1851, The - John J. Audubon (1785-1851)  - 150 images","description":"\u003cp\u003eThese are the 150 illustrations made by French-American naturalist and artist, John James Audubon together with his son, John Woodhouse Audubon (1812-1862), for the The Viviparous\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c\/strong\u003eQuadrupeds of North America.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis download consists of 150 images, in jpeg format, that are 600dpi and range from 3456 pixels wide\/tall by 5931 pixels wide\/tall.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe pictures are out of copyright and in the public domain, so you are free to use them in whatever way you'd like, including commercial use.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRead more about \u003ca title=\"John James Audubon\" href=\"https:\/\/publicdomainimagelibrary.com\/collections\/audubon-john-james\"\u003eJohn James Audubon\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Digital Download - 150 images","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":50508843745610,"sku":null,"price":4.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0776\/7965\/7290\/files\/Audubon_J.J._1785-1851_-QuadrupedsofN.America_main.jpg?v=1747054567"},{"product_id":"audubon-j-j-1785-1851-white-pelican","title":"Audubon, J.J. (1785-1851) - White Pelican","description":"\u003cp\u003eThis image by John James Audubon from his Birds of America 1844 is large-sized, ideal for printing and reproducing.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis download consists of 1 image, in jpeg format, that is 600dpi and 5304 pixels wide by 7416 pixels tall.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis image, same size, is also included in our \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/publicdomainimagelibrary.com\/products\/birds-of-america-the-1844-john-j-audubon-1785-1851-383-images\" title=\"Birds of America\"\u003eBirds of America 383 image collection\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe picture is out of copyright and in the public domain, so you are free to use it in whatever way you'd like, including commercial use.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRead more about \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/publicdomainimagelibrary.com\/collections\/audubon-john-james\" title=\"John James Audubon\"\u003eJohn James Audubon\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Digital Download - 1 image","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":50639117386058,"sku":null,"price":0.8,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0776\/7965\/7290\/files\/Audubon_J.J._1785-1851_-BirdsofAmerica1844_main.jpg?v=1747052077"},{"product_id":"audubon-j-j-1785-1851-snowy-egret","title":"Audubon, J.J. (1785-1851) - Snowy Egret","description":"\u003cp\u003eThis image by John James Audubon from his Birds of America 1844 is large-sized, ideal for printing and reproducing.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis download consists of 1 image, in jpeg format, that is 600dpi and 5522 pixels wide by 7315 pixels tall.\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis image, same size, is also included in our \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/publicdomainimagelibrary.com\/products\/birds-of-america-the-1844-john-j-audubon-1785-1851-383-images\" title=\"Birds of America\"\u003eBirds of America 383 image collection\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe picture is out of copyright and in the public domain, so you are free to use it in whatever way you'd like, including commercial use.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRead more about \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/publicdomainimagelibrary.com\/collections\/audubon-john-james\" title=\"John James Audubon\"\u003eJohn James Audubon\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Digital Download - 1 image","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":50639270412618,"sku":null,"price":0.8,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0776\/7965\/7290\/files\/Audubon_J.J._1785-1851_-BirdsofAmerica1844_main_325bc9cc-4901-43d6-8af9-666ead0f23d7.jpg?v=1747052076"},{"product_id":"audubon-j-j-1785-1851-snowy-owl","title":"Audubon, J.J. (1785-1851) - Snowy Owl","description":"\u003cp\u003eThis image by John James Audubon from his Birds of America 1844 is large-sized, ideal for printing and reproducing.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis download consists of 1 image, in jpeg format, that is 600dpi and 5232 pixels wide by 7380 pixels tall.\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis image, same size, is also included in our \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/publicdomainimagelibrary.com\/products\/birds-of-america-the-1844-john-j-audubon-1785-1851-383-images\" title=\"Birds of America\"\u003eBirds of America 383 image collection\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe picture is out of copyright and in the public domain, so you are free to use it in whatever way you'd like, including commercial use.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRead more about \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/publicdomainimagelibrary.com\/collections\/audubon-john-james\" title=\"John James Audubon\"\u003eJohn James Audubon\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Digital Download - 1 image","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":50639423340874,"sku":null,"price":0.8,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0776\/7965\/7290\/files\/Audubon_J.J._1785-1851_-BirdsofAmerica1844_main_d63d1583-f006-48e9-868a-e2568d06d974.jpg?v=1747052076"},{"product_id":"audubon-j-j-1785-1851-american-flamingo","title":"Audubon, J.J. (1785-1851) - American Flamingo","description":"\u003cp\u003eThis image by John James Audubon from his Birds of America 1844 is large-sized, ideal for printing and reproducing.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis download consists of 1 image, in jpeg format, that is 600dpi and 5496 pixels wide by 7248 pixels tall.\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis image, same size, is also included in our \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/publicdomainimagelibrary.com\/products\/birds-of-america-the-1844-john-j-audubon-1785-1851-383-images\" title=\"Birds of America\"\u003eBirds of America 383 image collection\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe picture is out of copyright and in the public domain, so you are free to use it in whatever way you'd like, including commercial use.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRead more about \u003ca title=\"John James Audubon\" href=\"https:\/\/publicdomainimagelibrary.com\/collections\/audubon-john-james\"\u003eJohn James Audubon\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Digital Download - 1 image","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":50653890085194,"sku":null,"price":0.8,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0776\/7965\/7290\/files\/Audubon_J.J._1785-1851_-BirdsofAmerica1844-AmericanFlamingo_main.jpg?v=1747052064"},{"product_id":"audubon-j-j-1785-1851-birds-of-america-1844-arctic-tern","title":"Audubon, J.J. (1785-1851) - Birds of America 1844 - Arctic Tern","description":"\u003cp\u003eThis image by John James Audubon from his Birds of America 1844 is large-sized, ideal for printing and reproducing.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis download consists of 1 image, in jpeg format, that is 600dpi and 5232 pixels wide by 7320 pixels tall.\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis image, same size, is also included in our \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/publicdomainimagelibrary.com\/products\/birds-of-america-the-1844-john-j-audubon-1785-1851-383-images\" title=\"Birds of America\"\u003eBirds of America 383 image collection\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe picture is out of copyright and in the public domain, so you are free to use it in whatever way you'd like, including commercial use.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRead more about \u003ca title=\"John James Audubon\" href=\"https:\/\/publicdomainimagelibrary.com\/collections\/audubon-john-james\"\u003eJohn James Audubon\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Digital Download - 1 image","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":50654412276042,"sku":null,"price":0.8,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0776\/7965\/7290\/files\/Audubon_J.J._1785-1851_-BirdsofAmerica1844-ArcticTern_main.jpg?v=1747052063"},{"product_id":"audubon-j-j-1785-1851-birds-of-america-1844-bonapartes-gull","title":"Audubon, J.J. (1785-1851) - Birds of America 1844 - Bonaparte's Gull","description":"\u003cp\u003eThis image by John James Audubon from his Birds of America 1844 is large-sized, ideal for printing and reproducing.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis download consists of 1 image, in jpeg format, that is 600dpi and 5484 pixels wide by 7356 pixels tall.\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis image, same size, is also included in our \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/publicdomainimagelibrary.com\/products\/birds-of-america-the-1844-john-j-audubon-1785-1851-383-images\" title=\"Birds of America\"\u003eBirds of America 383 image collection\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe picture is out of copyright and in the public domain, so you are free to use it in whatever way you'd like, including commercial use.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRead more about \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/publicdomainimagelibrary.com\/collections\/audubon-john-james\" title=\"John James Audubon\"\u003eJohn James Audubon\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Digital Download - 1 image","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":50654434132298,"sku":null,"price":0.8,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0776\/7965\/7290\/files\/Audubon_J.J._1785-1851_-BirdsofAmerica1844-Bonaparte_sGull_main.jpg?v=1747052062"},{"product_id":"audubon-j-j-1785-1851-birds-of-america-1844-brown-pelican","title":"Audubon, J.J. (1785-1851) - Birds of America 1844 - Brown Pelican","description":"\u003cp\u003eThis image by John James Audubon from his Birds of America 1844 is large-sized, ideal for printing and reproducing.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis download consists of 1 image, in jpeg format, that is 600dpi and 5346 pixels wide by 7370 pixels tall.\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis image, same size, is also included in our \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/publicdomainimagelibrary.com\/products\/birds-of-america-the-1844-john-j-audubon-1785-1851-383-images\" title=\"Birds of America\"\u003eBirds of America 383 image collection\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe picture is out of copyright and in the public domain, so you are free to use it in whatever way you'd like, including commercial use.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRead more about \u003ca title=\"John James Audubon\" href=\"https:\/\/publicdomainimagelibrary.com\/collections\/audubon-john-james\"\u003eJohn James Audubon\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Digital Download - 1 image","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":50654448779594,"sku":null,"price":0.8,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0776\/7965\/7290\/files\/Audubon_J.J._1785-1851_-BirdsofAmerica1844-BrownPelican_main.jpg?v=1747052061"},{"product_id":"audubon-j-j-1785-1851-birds-of-america-1844-great-blue-heron","title":"Audubon, J.J. (1785-1851) - Birds of America 1844 - Great Blue Heron","description":"\u003cp\u003eThis image by John James Audubon from his Birds of America 1844 is large-sized, ideal for printing and reproducing.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis download consists of 1 image, in jpeg format, that is 600dpi and 5302 pixels wide by 7249 pixels tall.\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis image, same size, is also included in our \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/publicdomainimagelibrary.com\/products\/birds-of-america-the-1844-john-j-audubon-1785-1851-383-images\" title=\"Birds of America\"\u003eBirds of America 383 image collection\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe picture is out of copyright and in the public domain, so you are free to use it in whatever way you'd like, including commercial use.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRead more about \u003ca title=\"John James Audubon\" href=\"https:\/\/publicdomainimagelibrary.com\/collections\/audubon-john-james\"\u003eJohn James Audubon\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Digital Download - 1 image","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":50654467031370,"sku":null,"price":0.8,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0776\/7965\/7290\/files\/Audubon_J.J._1785-1851_-BirdsofAmerica1844-GreatBlueHeron_main.jpg?v=1747052060"},{"product_id":"audubon-j-j-1785-1851-birds-of-america-1844-gyr-falcon","title":"Audubon, J.J. (1785-1851) - Birds of America 1844 - Gyr Falcon","description":"\u003cp\u003eThis image by John James Audubon from his Birds of America 1844 is large-sized, ideal for printing and reproducing.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis download consists of 1 image, in jpeg format, that is 600dpi and 5060 pixels wide by 7150 pixels tall.\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis image, same size, is also included in our \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/publicdomainimagelibrary.com\/products\/birds-of-america-the-1844-john-j-audubon-1785-1851-383-images\" title=\"Birds of America\"\u003eBirds of America 383 image collection\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe picture is out of copyright and in the public domain, so you are free to use it in whatever way you'd like, including commercial use.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRead more about \u003ca title=\"John James Audubon\" href=\"https:\/\/publicdomainimagelibrary.com\/collections\/audubon-john-james\"\u003eJohn James Audubon\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Digital Download - 1 image","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":50654489608522,"sku":null,"price":0.8,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0776\/7965\/7290\/files\/Audubon_J.J._1785-1851_-BirdsofAmerica1844-GyrFalcon_main.jpg?v=1747052059"},{"product_id":"audubon-j-j-1785-1851-birds-of-america-1844-herring-gull","title":"Audubon, J.J. (1785-1851) - Birds of America 1844 - Herring Gull","description":"\u003cp\u003eThis image by John James Audubon from his Birds of America 1844 is large-sized, ideal for printing and reproducing.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis download consists of 1 image, in jpeg format, that is 600dpi and 5220 pixels wide by 7296 pixels tall.\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis image, same size, is also included in our \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/publicdomainimagelibrary.com\/products\/birds-of-america-the-1844-john-j-audubon-1785-1851-383-images\" title=\"Birds of America\"\u003eBirds of America 383 image collection\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe picture is out of copyright and in the public domain, so you are free to use it in whatever way you'd like, including commercial use.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRead more about \u003ca title=\"John James Audubon\" href=\"https:\/\/publicdomainimagelibrary.com\/collections\/audubon-john-james\"\u003eJohn James Audubon\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Digital Download - 1 image","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":50654510121290,"sku":null,"price":0.8,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0776\/7965\/7290\/files\/Audubon_J.J._1785-1851_-BirdsofAmerica1844-HerringGull_main.jpg?v=1747052058"},{"product_id":"audubon-j-j-1785-1851-birds-of-america-1844-horned-puffin","title":"Audubon, J.J. (1785-1851) - Birds of America 1844 - Horned Puffin","description":"\u003cp\u003eThis image by John James Audubon from his Birds of America 1844 is large-sized, ideal for printing and reproducing.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis download consists of 1 image, in jpeg format, that is 600dpi and 9636 pixels wide by 6564 pixels tall.\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis image, same size, is also included in our \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/publicdomainimagelibrary.com\/products\/birds-of-america-the-1844-john-j-audubon-1785-1851-383-images\" title=\"Birds of America\"\u003eBirds of America 383 image collection\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe picture is out of copyright and in the public domain, so you are free to use it in whatever way you'd like, including commercial use.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRead more about \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/publicdomainimagelibrary.com\/collections\/audubon-john-james\" title=\"John James Audubon\"\u003eJohn James Audubon\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Digital Download - 1 image","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":50654528176458,"sku":null,"price":0.8,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0776\/7965\/7290\/files\/Audubon_J.J._1785-1851_-BirdsofAmerica1844-HornedPuffin_main.jpg?v=1747052057"},{"product_id":"audubon-j-j-1785-1851-birds-of-america-1844-magnificent-frigatebird","title":"Audubon, J.J. (1785-1851) - Birds of America 1844 - Magnificent Frigatebird","description":"\u003cp\u003eThis image by John James Audubon from his Birds of America 1844 is large-sized, ideal for printing and reproducing.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis download consists of 1 image, in jpeg format, that is 600dpi and 5004 pixels wide by 7284 pixels tall.\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis image, same size, is also included in our \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/publicdomainimagelibrary.com\/products\/birds-of-america-the-1844-john-j-audubon-1785-1851-383-images\" title=\"Birds of America\"\u003eBirds of America 383 image collection\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe picture is out of copyright and in the public domain, so you are free to use it in whatever way you'd like, including commercial use.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRead more about \u003ca title=\"John James Audubon\" href=\"https:\/\/publicdomainimagelibrary.com\/collections\/audubon-john-james\"\u003eJohn James Audubon\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Digital Download - 1 image","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":50654545346890,"sku":null,"price":0.8,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0776\/7965\/7290\/files\/Audubon_J.J._1785-1851_-BirdsofAmerica1844-MagnificentFrigatebird_main.jpg?v=1747052057"},{"product_id":"birds-of-america-the-1844-john-j-audubon-1785-1851-383-images","title":"Birds of America, The 1844 - John J. Audubon (1785-1851) - 383 images","description":"\u003cp\u003eJohn James Audubon was\u003cspan\u003e committed to find and paint all the birds of North America for eventual publication. His goal was to surpass the earlier ornithological work of poet-naturalist Alexander Wilson. His future work was to be called The Birds of America.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHere are 383 illustrations from this work, made by French-American naturalist and artist, John James Audubon together with his son, John Woodhouse Audubon (1812-1862).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis download consists of 383 images, in jpeg format, that are 600dpi and range from 2970 pixels wide\/tall by 10168 pixels wide\/tall (many on the larger side).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe pictures are out of copyright and in the public domain, so you are free to use them in whatever way you'd like, including commercial use.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRead more about \u003ca title=\"John James Audubon\" href=\"https:\/\/publicdomainimagelibrary.com\/collections\/audubon-john-james\"\u003eJohn James Audubon\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Digital Download - 383 images","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":50654889607498,"sku":null,"price":6.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0776\/7965\/7290\/files\/Audubon_J.J._1785-1851_-BirdsofAmerica1844_main_d9a3d81b-3bbb-4863-beab-4835a871e2b0.jpg?v=1747054557"},{"product_id":"audubon-j-w-1812-1862-audubon-v-g-1809-1860-portrait-of-john-james-audubon","title":"Audubon, J.W. (1812-1862) \u0026 Audubon, V.G. (1809-1860) - Portrait of John James Audubon","description":"\u003cp\u003eThis image of John James Audubon was painted by his sons, John William Audubon (1812-1862) and Victor Gifford Audubon (1809-1860).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis download consists of 1 image in JPEG format that is 600dpi and 5112 pixels wide by 6520 pixels tall.\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe picture is out of copyright and in the public domain, so you are free to use it in whatever way you'd like, including commercial use.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRead more about \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/publicdomainimagelibrary.com\/collections\/audubon-john-james\" title=\"John James Audubon\"\u003eJohn James Audubon\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Digital Download - 1 image","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":50655180882250,"sku":null,"price":0.8,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0776\/7965\/7290\/files\/Audubon_J.W._1812-1862_Audubon_V.G-J.J.Audubon_main.jpg?v=1747052056"},{"product_id":"john-james-audubon-533-high-resolution-images","title":"John James Audubon - 533 High Resolution Images","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003eDiscover the remarkable journey of John James Audubon, the self-taught French-American artist, naturalist, and ornithologist. Through his passion for art and love for birds, he created the stunning masterwork, The Birds of America, widely recognised as one of the most exceptional ornithological works in history.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis collection includes 383 pictures from Birds of America (1844) plus 150 pictures from Quadrupeds of North America (1851).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe images are all 600dpi and range in size from 2970 pixels wide\/tall to 10168 pixels wide\/tall, with \u003cspan\u003emany on the larger side.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe pictures are out of copyright and in the public domain, so you are free to use them in whatever way you'd like, including commercial use. They make great framed prints!\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eJohn James Audubon (1785-1851),\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003eborn Jean-Jacques Rabin, was a French-American self-trained artist, naturalist, and ornithologist. His combined interests in art and ornithology turned into a plan to make a complete pictorial record of all the bird species of North America. He was notable for his extensive studies documenting all types of American birds and for his detailed illustrations, which depicted the birds in their natural habitats. His major work, a colour-plate book titled The Birds of America (1827–1839), is considered one of the finest ornithological works ever completed.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAudubon is also known for identifying 25 new species. He is the eponym of the National Audubon Society, and his name adorns a large number of towns, neighbourhoods and streets across the United States. Dozens of scientific names first published by Audubon are still in use by the scientific community. In recent years, his legacy has become controversial for his involvement in slavery and his racist writings, as well as allegations of dishonesty.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom his earliest days, the young Audubon had an affinity for birds. \"I felt an intimacy with them...bordering on frenzy [that] must accompany my steps through life.\" His father encouraged his interest in nature. He would point out the elegant movement of the birds, and the beauty and softness of their plumage. He called my attention to their show of pleasure or sense of danger, their perfect forms and splendid attire. He would speak of their departure and return with the seasons.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1803, his father obtained a false passport so that Jean-Jacques could go to the United States to avoid conscription in the Napoleonic Wars. 18-year-old Jean-Jacques boarded ship, anglicising his name to John James Audubon. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAudubon set about to study American birds, determined to illustrate his findings in a more realistic manner than most artists did then. He began drawing and painting birds and recording their behaviour. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1808, Audubon moved to Kentucky, which was rapidly being settled. Six months later, he married Lucy Bakewell at her family estate, Fatland Ford, Pennsylvania, and took her the next day to Kentucky. The two shared many common interests and began to explore the natural world around them. Though their finances were tenuous, the Audubons started a family. They had two sons, Victor Gifford (1809-1860) and John Woodhouse Audubon (1812-1862), and two daughters who died while still young. Both sons eventually helped publish their father's works. John W. Audubon became a naturalist, writer and painter in his own right.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring a visit to Philadelphia in 1812 following Congress' declaration of war against Great Britain, Audubon became an American citizen and had to give up his French citizenship. After his return to Kentucky, he found that rats had eaten his entire collection of more than 200 drawings. After weeks of depression, he took to the field again, determined to re-do his drawings to an even higher standard.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAudubon worked for a brief time as the first paid employee of the Western History Society, now known as The Museum of Natural History at The Cincinnati Museum Center. He then travelled south on the Mississippi with his gun, paintbox, and assistant Joseph Mason, who stayed with him from October 1820 to August 1822 and painted the plant life backgrounds of many of Audubon's bird studies. He was committed to find and paint all the birds of North America for eventual publication. His goal was to surpass the earlier ornithological work of poet-naturalist Alexander Wilson. Though he could not afford to buy Wilson's work, Audubon used it to guide him when he had access to a copy.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAudubon called his future work The Birds of America. He attempted to paint one page each day. Painting with newly discovered technique, he decided his earlier works were inferior and re-did them. He hired hunters to gather specimens for him. Audubon realised the ambitious project would take him away from his family for months at a time.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLucy became the steady breadwinner for the couple and their two young sons. Trained as a teacher, she conducted classes for children in their home. Later she was hired as a local teacher in Louisiana. She boarded with their children at the home of a wealthy plantation owner, as was often the custom of the time.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1824, Audubon returned to Philadelphia to seek a publisher for his bird drawings. He took oil painting lessons from Thomas Sully and met Charles Bonaparte, who admired his work and recommended he go to Europe to have his bird drawings engraved. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWith his wife's support, in 1826 at age 41, Audubon took his growing collection of work to England. He sailed from New Orleans to Liverpool, reaching England in the autumn of 1826 with his portfolio of over 300 drawings. With letters of introduction to prominent Englishmen, and paintings of imaginary species including the \"Bird of Washington\", Audubon gained their quick attention. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe British could not get enough of Audubon's images of backwoods America and its natural attractions. He raised enough money to begin publishing his The Birds of America. This monumental work consists of 435 hand-coloured, life-size prints of 497 bird species, made from engraved copper plates of various sizes depending on the size of the image. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe first and perhaps most famous plate was the wild turkey. Among the earliest plates printed was the \"Bird of Washington\", which generated favourable publicity for Audubon as his first discovery of a new species. However, no specimen of the species has ever been found, and research published in 2020 suggests that this plate was a mixture of plagiarism and ornithological fraud.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHe followed The Birds of America with a sequel Ornithological Biographies. This was a collection of life histories of each species written with Scottish ornithologist William MacGillivray. The two books were printed separately to avoid a British law requiring copies of all publications with text to be deposited in copyright libraries, a huge financial burden for the self-published Audubon. Both books were published between 1827 and 1839.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1841, having finished the Ornithological Biographies, Audubon returned to the United States with his family. Between 1840 and 1844, he published an octavo edition of The Birds of America, with 65 additional plates. Printed in standard format to be more affordable than the oversize British edition, it earned $36,000 and was purchased by 1100 subscribers. Audubon spent much time on \"subscription-gathering trips\", drumming up sales of the octavo edition, as he hoped to leave his family a sizeable income.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAudubon made some excursions out West where he hoped to record Western species he had missed, but his health began to fail. In 1848, he manifested signs of senility or possibly dementia from what is now called Alzheimer's disease, his \"noble mind in ruins\". He died at his family home in northern Manhattan on January 27, 1851. Audubon is buried in the graveyard at the Church of the Intercession in the Trinity Church Cemetery and Mausoleum at 155th Street and Broadway in Manhattan, near his home. An imposing monument in his honour was erected at the cemetery, which is now recognised as part of the Heritage Rose District of NYC.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAudubon's final work dealt with mammals; he prepared\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe Viviparous Quadrupeds of North America (1845-1849)\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003ein collaboration with his good friend Rev. John Bachman of Charleston, South Carolina, who supplied much of the scientific text. His son, John Woodhouse Audubon, drew most of the plates. The work was completed by Audubon's sons, and the second volume was published posthumously in 1851.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Digital Download - 533 images","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":50685020537162,"sku":"","price":8.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0776\/7965\/7290\/files\/JohnJamesAudubon-533HighResolutionImages.jpg?v=1747039163"},{"product_id":"owls-40-images","title":"Owls - 40 High Resolution Images","description":"\u003cp\u003e40 high-quality images of that quirky and interesting bird, the owl.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eArtists include the following:-\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJohn James Audubon - 7 images\u003cbr\u003eJohn \u0026amp; Elizabeth Gould - 5 images\u003cbr\u003eJohn Gould \u0026amp; Henry Richter - 12 images\u003cbr\u003eWilliam Hitchcock - 1 image\u003cbr\u003eEdward Lear - 7 images\u003cbr\u003eHenry Meyer - 1 image\u003cbr\u003eArchibald Thorburn - 2 images\u003cbr\u003eAlexander Wilson - 4 images\u003cbr\u003eJoseph Wolf \u0026amp; William Hart - 1 image\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis download features 40 hi-res images in JPEG format that are all 600dpi and range in size from 4900 pixels wide\/tall to 7840 pixels wide\/tall.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe pictures are out of copyright and in the public domain, so you are free to use them in whatever way you’d like, including commercial use.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Digital Download - 40 images","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":50729028878666,"sku":null,"price":4.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0776\/7965\/7290\/files\/Owls_-_40_Images.jpg?v=1747045207"},{"product_id":"mammals-of-the-world-56-images","title":"Mammals of the World - 56 High Resolution Images","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDiscover the timeless appeal of vintage mammal illustrations, where exquisite detail and artistic flair celebrate the beauty and diversity of the animal kingdom. These historical artworks offer a fascinating glimpse into both scientific study and artistic interpretation from past centuries.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eArtists include the following:-\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJohn James Audubon (1785-1851)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJohn Gerard Keulemans (1842-1912)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJohn Guille Millais (1865-1931)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHenry Richter (1772-1857)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWilliam Shiels (1783-1857)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJoseph Smit (1836-1929)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eArchibald Thorburn (1860-1935)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJean-Charles Werner (1798-1856)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJoseph Wolf (1820-1899)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnd lots more! \u003cstrong\u003eClick on the link above to see a complete list of images and sizes\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis download features 56 hi-res images in JPEG format. The images are all 600dpi and range in size from 4536 pixels wide\/tall to 7456 pixels wide\/tall.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMammals include a chipmunk, lemur, weasel, squirrel, giraffe, ibex, wolf, skunk, dolphins, buffalo, zebra, sloth, dogs, puma, deer, koala, horse, cattle, bison, porcupine, whales, hedgehogs, camel, bear, orangutan, lions, leopards, panda, chimpanzee, gorilla, hippopotamus, rhinoceros and lots more.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe pictures are out of copyright and in the public domain, so you are free to use them in whatever way you’d like, including commercial use.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Digital Download - 56 images","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52867885597002,"sku":null,"price":4.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0776\/7965\/7290\/files\/Mammals_of_the_World_-_56_images.jpg?v=1758828435"},{"product_id":"audubon-j-w-1812-1862-portrait-of-john-james-audubon-c-1840-41","title":"Audubon, J.W. (1812-1862) - Portrait of John James Audubon c.1840-41","description":"\u003cp\u003eThis image of John James Audubon was painted by his son, John William Audubon (1812-1862).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis download consists of 1 image in JPEG format that is 600dpi and 4271 pixels wide by 5471 pixels tall.\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe picture is out of copyright and in the public domain, so you are free to use it in whatever way you'd like, including commercial use.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRead more about \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/publicdomainimagelibrary.com\/collections\/audubon-john-james\" title=\"John James Audubon\"\u003eJohn James Audubon\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Digital Download - 1 image","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":60999240089930,"sku":null,"price":0.8,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0776\/7965\/7290\/files\/Audubon_J.W._1812-1862_-PortraitofJohnJamesAudubon_main.jpg?v=1770026948"}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0776\/7965\/7290\/collections\/Portrait_of_John_James_Audubon-891107.jpg?v=1743601220","url":"https:\/\/www.publicdomainimagelibrary.com\/collections\/audubon-john-james.oembed","provider":"Public Domain Image Library","version":"1.0","type":"link"}